Every source in the book

The Energy Guidebook, Fifth Edition, cites 432 sources across eleven parts. They are listed here as they appear in the book. Each has a Find link that searches Google Scholar for it.

432 sources
Part One Why This Works When Diets Don’t 18
  1. The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Study Group. The effect of vitamin E and beta carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smokers. New England Journal of Medicine. 1994;330(15):1029–1035.
  2. Omenn GS, Goodman GE, Thornquist MD, et al. Effects of a combination of beta carotene and vitamin A on lung cancer and cardiovascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 1996;334(18):1150–1155.
  3. Klein EA, Thompson IM, Tangen CM, et al. Vitamin E and the risk of prostate cancer: the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial (SELECT). JAMA. 2011;306(14):1549–1556.
  4. Ristow M, Zarse K, Oberbach A, et al. Antioxidants prevent health-promoting effects of physical exercise in humans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2009;106(21):8665–8670.
  5. Sievert K, Hussain SM, Page MJ, et al. Effect of breakfast on weight and energy intake: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2019;364:l42.
  6. Killer SC, Blannin AK, Jeukendrup AE. No evidence of dehydration with moderate daily coffee intake: a counterbalanced cross-over study in a free-living population. PLoS One. 2014;9(1):e84154.
  7. Berthold HK, Unverdorben S, Degenhardt R, Bulitta M, Gouni-Berthold I. Effect of policosanol on lipid levels among patients with hypercholesterolemia or combined hyperlipidemia: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006;295(19):2262–2269.
  8. Gardner CD, Lawson LD, Block E, et al. Effect of raw garlic vs commercial garlic supplements on plasma lipid concentrations in adults with moderate hypercholesterolemia: a randomized clinical trial. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2007;167(4):346–353.
  9. Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, et al. A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2018;52(6):376–384.
  10. Hall KD, Ayuketah A, Brychta R, et al. Ultra-processed diets cause excess calorie intake and weight gain: an inpatient randomized controlled trial of ad libitum food intake. Cell Metabolism. 2019;30(1):67–77.e3.
  11. Emmerich SD, Fryar CD, Stierman B, Ogden CL. Obesity and severe obesity prevalence in adults: United States, August 2021–August 2023. NCHS Data Brief No. 508. Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics; 2024. doi:10.15620/cdc/159281.
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report. Atlanta, GA: US Department of Health and Human Services; January 2026.
  13. Araújo J, Cai J, Stevens J. Prevalence of optimal metabolic health in American adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2009–2016. Metabolic Syndrome and Related Disorders. 2019;17(1):46–52.
  14. Wing RR, Phelan S. Long-term weight loss maintenance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2005;82(1 Suppl):222S–225S.
  15. Gardner CD, Trepanowski JF, Del Gobbo LC, et al. Effect of low-fat vs low-carbohydrate diet on 12-month weight loss in overweight adults and the association with genotype pattern or insulin secretion: the DIETFITS randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2018;319(7):667–679.
  16. Spiegel K, Leproult R, Van Cauter E. Impact of sleep debt on metabolic and endocrine function. Lancet. 1999;354(9188):1435–1439.
  17. Nedeltcheva AV, Kilkus JM, Imperial J, Schoeller DA, Penev PD. Insufficient sleep undermines dietary efforts to reduce adiposity. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2010;153(7):435–441.
  18. Holt-Lunstad J, Smith TB, Layton JB. Social relationships and mortality risk: a meta-analytic review. PLoS Medicine. 2010;7(7):e1000316.
Part Two Know Your Starting Point 52
  1. Nana A, Slater GJ, Stewart AD, Burke LM. Methodology review: using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) for the assessment of body composition in athletes and active people. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism. 2015;25(2):198–215.
  2. Frija-Masson J, Mullaert J, Vidal-Petiot E, Pons-Kerjean N, Flamant M, d’Ortho MP. Accuracy of smart scales on weight and body composition: observational study. JMIR mHealth and uHealth. 2021;9(4):e17046.
  3. Jackson AS, Pollock ML. Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. British Journal of Nutrition. 1978;40(3):497–504.
  4. Tinsley GM, Moore ML, Benavides ML, Dellinger JR, Adamson BT. Digital anthropometry via three-dimensional optical scanning: evaluation of four commercially available systems. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2020;74(7):1054–1064.
  5. Ashwell M, Gibson S. Waist-to-height ratio as an indicator of “early health risk”: simpler and more predictive than using a “matrix” based on BMI and waist circumference. BMJ Open. 2016;6(3):e010159.
  6. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Obesity: identification, assessment and management. Clinical guideline CG189, updated 2022. London: NICE.
  7. Lohman TG. Advances in Body Composition Assessment. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 1992. Classification bands as tabulated in Jeukendrup A, Gleeson M. Sport Nutrition. 3rd ed. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics; 2018.
  8. McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. 8th ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health; 2015.
  9. Mountjoy M, Ackerman KE, Bailey DM, et al. 2023 International Olympic Committee’s (IOC) consensus statement on Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs). British Journal of Sports Medicine. 2023;57(17):1073–1097.
  10. Helms ER, Prnjak K, Linardon J. Towards a sustainable nutrition paradigm in physique sport: nutritional recommendations for physique athletes. Journal of Human Kinetics. 2020;71:79–108.
  11. Rossow LM, Fukuda DH, Fahs CA, Loenneke JP, Stout JR. Natural bodybuilding competition preparation and recovery: a 12-month case study. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2013;8(5):582–592.
  12. Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Glavinovic T, et al. Apolipoprotein B particles and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. JAMA Cardiology. 2019;4(12):1287–1295.
  13. Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias. European Heart Journal. 2020;41(1):111–188; and 2025 Focused Update. European Heart Journal. 2025;46(42):4359.
  14. Soffer DE, Marston NA, Maki KC, et al. Role of apolipoprotein B in the clinical management of cardiovascular risk in adults: an Expert Clinical Consensus from the National Lipid Association. Journal of Clinical Lipidology. 2024;18(5):e647–e663.
  15. Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA guideline on the management of blood cholesterol. Circulation. 2019;139(25):e1082–e1143.
  16. Ference BA, Ginsberg HN, Graham I, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. European Heart Journal. 2017;38(32):2459–2472.
  17. Tsimikas S, Fazio S, Ferdinand KC, et al. NHLBI Working Group recommendations to reduce lipoprotein(a)-mediated risk of cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2018;71(2):177–192.
  18. Ramsis M, Naguib M, Dzotsi M, et al. Lipoprotein(a) testing trends in the United States 2015–2024: an analysis of 300 million individuals. JACC: Advances. 2025;4(11):102205.
  19. Koschinsky ML, Bajaj A, Boffa MB, et al. A focused update to the 2019 NLA scientific statement on use of lipoprotein(a) in clinical practice. Journal of Clinical Lipidology. 2024;18(3):e308–e319.
  20. O’Donoghue ML, Fazio S, Giugliano RP, et al. Lipoprotein(a), PCSK9 inhibition, and cardiovascular risk. Circulation. 2019;139(12):1483–1492.
  21. Ridker PM, Moorthy MV, Cook NR, Rifai N, Lee IM, Buring JE. Inflammation, cholesterol, lipoprotein(a), and 30-year cardiovascular outcomes in women. New England Journal of Medicine. 2024;391:2087–2097.
  22. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2026;49(Suppl 1).
  23. Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, Naylor BA, Treacher DF, Turner RC. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and beta-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(7):412–419.
  24. McLaughlin T, Abbasi F, Cheal K, Chu J, Lamendola C, Reaven G. Use of metabolic markers to identify overweight individuals who are insulin resistant. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2003;139(10):802–809.
  25. Barter PJ, Caulfield M, Eriksson M, et al. Effects of torcetrapib in patients at high risk for coronary events. New England Journal of Medicine. 2007;357(21):2109–2122. See also Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Abt M, et al. Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. New England Journal of Medicine. 2012;367(22):2089–2099; Lincoff AM, Nicholls SJ, Riesmeyer JS, et al. Evacetrapib and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk vascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;376(20):1933–1942; and HPS3/TIMI55–REVEAL Collaborative Group. Effects of anacetrapib in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease. New England Journal of Medicine. 2017;377(13):1217–1227.
  26. Voight BF, Peloso GM, Orho-Melander M, et al. Plasma HDL cholesterol and risk of myocardial infarction: a mendelian randomisation study. The Lancet. 2012;380(9841):572–580.
  27. Sumner AE, Finley KB, Genovese DJ, Criqui MH, Boston RC. Fasting triglyceride and the triglyceride–HDL cholesterol ratio are not markers of insulin resistance in African Americans. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2005;165(12):1395–1400.
  28. Blaha MJ, Whelton SP, Al Rifai M, et al. Rationale and clinical application of coronary artery calcium scoring. JACC: Cardiovascular Imaging. 2025;18(3). See also reference 14 for the ACC/AHA Class IIa recommendation in borderline- and intermediate-risk adults aged 40–75.
  29. Mandsager K, Harb S, Cremer P, Phelan D, Nissen SE, Jaber W. Association of cardiorespiratory fitness with long-term mortality among adults undergoing exercise treadmill testing. JAMA Network Open. 2018;1(6):e183605.
  30. Kaminsky LA, Arena R, Myers J. Reference standards for cardiorespiratory fitness measured with cardiopulmonary exercise testing: data from the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND). Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2015;90(11):1515–1523.
  31. Molina-Garcia P, Notbohm HL, Schumann M, et al. Validity of estimating the maximal oxygen consumption by consumer wearables: a systematic review with meta-analysis and expert statement of the INTERLIVE network. Sports Medicine. 2022;52(7):1577–1597.
  32. Leong DP, Teo KK, Rangarajan S, et al. Prognostic value of grip strength: findings from the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study. The Lancet. 2015;386(9990):266–273.
  33. Newman AB, Kupelian V, Visser M, et al. Strength, but not muscle mass, is associated with mortality in the Health, Aging and Body Composition study cohort. Journals of Gerontology Series A. 2006;61(1):72–77.
  34. Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Bahat G, Bauer J, et al. Sarcopenia: revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis (EWGSOP2). Age and Ageing. 2019;48(1):16–31.
  35. Demay MB, Pittas AG, Bikle DD, et al. Vitamin D for the prevention of disease: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2024;109(8):1907–1947.
  36. Clarke R, Halsey J, Lewington S, et al. Effects of lowering homocysteine levels with B vitamins on cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cause-specific mortality: meta-analysis of 8 randomized trials involving 37,485 individuals. Archives of Internal Medicine. 2010;170(18):1622–1631.
  37. Lonn E, Yusuf S, Arnold MJ, et al. Homocysteine lowering with folic acid and B vitamins in vascular disease (HOPE-2). New England Journal of Medicine. 2006;354(15):1567–1577.
  38. Bønaa KH, Njølstad I, Ueland PM, et al. Homocysteine lowering and cardiovascular events after acute myocardial infarction (NORVIT). New England Journal of Medicine. 2006;354(15):1578–1588.
  39. Robbins R, Weaver MD, Sullivan JP, et al. Accuracy of three commercial wearable devices for sleep tracking in healthy adults. Sensors. 2024;24(20):6532.
  40. Buchheit M. Monitoring training status with HR measures: do all roads lead to Rome? Frontiers in Physiology. 2014;5:73.
  41. Shaffer F, Ginsberg JP. An overview of heart rate variability metrics and norms. Frontiers in Public Health. 2017;5:258.
  42. Ramos-Campo DJ, Medellín Ruiz JP, Rubio-Arias JÁ, Clemente-Suárez VJ. Effectiveness of training prescription guided by heart rate variability versus predefined training for physiological and aerobic performance improvements: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Applied Sciences. 2020;10(23):8532.
  43. Chinoy ED, Cuellar JA, Huwa KE, et al. Performance of seven consumer sleep-tracking devices compared with polysomnography. Sleep. 2021;44(5):zsaa291.
  44. Baron KG, Abbott S, Jao N, Manalo N, Mullen R. Orthosomnia: are some patients taking the quantified self too far? Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 2017;13(2):351–354.
  45. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA clears first over-the-counter continuous glucose monitor. Press announcement, 5 March 2024.
  46. Hall H, Perelman D, Breschi A, et al. Glucotypes reveal new patterns of glucose dysregulation. PLoS Biology. 2018;16(7):e2005143.
  47. Fenton TR, Lyon AW, Eliasziw M, Tough SC, Hanley DA. Meta-analysis of the effect of the acid-ash hypothesis of osteoporosis on calcium balance. Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 2009;24(11):1835–1840.
  48. Fenton TR, Tough SC, Lyon AW, Eliasziw M, Hanley DA. Causal assessment of dietary acid load and bone disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis applying Hill’s epidemiologic criteria for causality. Nutrition Journal. 2011;10:41.
  49. Locke EA, Latham GP. Building a practically useful theory of goal setting and task motivation: a 35-year odyssey. American Psychologist. 2002;57(9):705–717.
  50. Gollwitzer PM, Sheeran P. Implementation intentions and goal achievement: a meta-analysis of effects and processes. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology. 2006;38:69–119.
  51. Harkin B, Webb TL, Chang BPI, et al. Does monitoring goal progress promote goal attainment? A meta-analysis of the experimental evidence. Psychological Bulletin. 2016;142(2):198–229.
  52. Lally P, van Jaarsveld CHM, Potts HWW, Wardle J. How are habits formed: modelling habit formation in the real world. European Journal of Social Psychology. 2010;40(6):998–1009.
Part Three Nutrition (Essential 1) 109
  1. American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. “Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes: Standards of Care in Diabetes.” Diabetes Care, annual standards.
  2. Holst JJ, Wewer Albrechtsen NJ, Pedersen J, Knop FK. “Glucagon and Amino Acids Are Linked in a Mutual Feedback Cycle: The Liver–α-Cell Axis.” Diabetes 2017;66(2):235–240.
  3. Jensen MD, Caruso M, Heiling V, Miles JM. “Insulin regulation of lipolysis in nondiabetic and IDDM subjects.” Diabetes 1989;38(12):1595–1601.
  4. Campbell PJ, Carlson MG, Hill JO, Nurjhan N. “Regulation of free fatty acid metabolism by insulin in humans: role of lipolysis and reesterification.” American Journal of Physiology 1992;263(6 Pt 1):E1063–E1069.
  5. Hall KD, Chen KY, Guo J, et al. “Energy expenditure and body composition changes after an isocaloric ketogenic diet in overweight and obese men.” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 2016;104(2):324–333.
  6. Hall KD, Guo J, Courville AB, et al. “Effect of a plant-based, low-fat diet versus an animal-based, ketogenic diet on ad libitum energy intake.” Nature Medicine 2021;27:344–353.
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  9. O’Donnell VB, Schebb NH, Milne GL, et al. “Failure to apply standard limit-of-detection or limit-of-quantitation criteria to specialized pro-resolving mediator analysis incorrectly characterizes their presence in biological samples.” Nature Communications 2023;14:7172.
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  14. Morton RW, Murphy KT, McKellar SR, et al. “A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults.” British Journal of Sports Medicine 2018;52(6):376–384.
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  18. US Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2025–2030. Published January 2026.
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Part Four Movement (Essential 2) 63
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Part Five Sleep (Essential 3) 25
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Part Six Recovery (Essential 4) 28
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Part Seven Connection (Essential 5) 3
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Part Eight Supplements, the Last Five Percent 59
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Part Nine The Method of Listening to Your Body 14
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Part Ten Special Situations 51
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Part Eleven Putting It Together 10
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  7. Watson NF, Badr MS, Belenky G, et al. “Recommended Amount of Sleep for a Healthy Adult: A Joint Consensus Statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine and Sleep Research Society.” Sleep 2015;38(6):843–844.
  8. Drake C, Roehrs T, Shambroom J, Roth T. “Caffeine Effects on Sleep Taken 0, 3, or 6 Hours before Going to Bed.” Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine 2013;9(11):1195–1200.
  9. Balban MY, Neri E, Kogon MM, Zeitzer JM, Spiegel D, Huberman AD. “Brief structured respiration practices enhance mood and reduce physiological arousal.” Cell Reports Medicine 2023;4(1):100895.
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How the references were chosen: the book cites the primary source rather than coverage of it. Where a claim rests on a meta-analysis, the meta-analysis is cited, and where the result is contested, at least one trial that disagrees. Observational findings are labeled as observational in the text.

If you find a source that has been characterized incorrectly, Gerry would like to know. Get in touch at gerrymorton.com.